Immunol Lett. 2012 Jul 30;145(1-2):23-9

Muñoz LM, Holgado BL, Martínez-A C, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Mellado M.

A broad array of biological responses including cell polarization, movement, immune and inflammatory responses, as well as prevention of HIV-1 infection, are triggered by the chemokines, a family of secreted and structurally related chemoattractant proteins that bind to class A-specific seven-transmembrane receptors linked to G proteins. Chemokines and their receptors should not be considered isolated entities, as they act in complex networks. Chemokines bind as oligomers, or oligomerize after binding to glycosaminoglycans on endothelial cells, and are then presented to their receptors on target cells, facilitating the generation of chemoattractant gradients.

The chemokine receptors form homo- and heterodimers, as well as higher order structures at the cell surface. These structures are dynamic and are regulated by receptor expression and ligand levels. Complexity is even greater, as in addition to regulation by cytokines and decoy receptors, chemokine and receptor levels are affected by proteolytic cleavage and other protein modifications. This complex scenario should be considered when analyzing chemokine biology and the ability of their antagonists to act in vivo. Strategies based on blocking or stabilizing ligand and receptor dimers could be alternative approaches that might have broad therapeutic potential.